methods and principles of subacuatic archeology

The most influential period in subaquatic archeology arises from the period 1490 a. C to 1868, it is the longest of the periods defined for the history of aquatic archeology. It is characterized by the development of all kinds of gadgets to satisfy one of the oldest desires of man: to move through the bottom of the waters.

The methods used in subaquatic archeology are not as easy to learn as terrestrial archeology. Archeology is  scientific a branch that arises from archaeological practice and whose greatest relevance is that it develops in a completely different way from terrestrial archeology.

And will continue to be, the investigation of past societies through its material remains, and the subsequent dissemination of the studies made to the general public. The archaeologists underwater do not do more than adapting the methodology of  terrestrial archeology to a different medium.

It would be impossible to summarize in a few pages or words, all methods and techniques, present and past, which have been developed

for this specialty and even less to group all the  archaeological tendencies that have affected their developing.

 Many authors have undertaken that task in numerous articles. Therefore, in these lines we will only raise an approximation to understand the difficulties and advantages with which the underwater archaeologists work day by day and we will try to understand the magnitude of this work to be able to clarify the importance of archeology as a part of its multidisciplinary mechanism.  

 This paper wil in this work we will talk about aquatic archaeologist is to investigate and know better the physical environment where s/he must work, how are the aquatic archaeological sites that have to locate, with their characteristics and peculiarities, which are the different methods that exist to prospect, so that finally is able to choose the most appropriate methodology for each specific problem.

Biography

I am Alondra Oyarzun, I studied anthropology at the University of Chile from the year 2016 until my graduation in 2021, obtaining my Archeology degree and specializing in the area of Aquatic Archeology, I do my post-graduate in 2022 studying the subject of Pre-Columbian America and Pre-Columbian Art in the faculty of the department of history, program of magister in history, faculty of liberal arts in the Adolfo Ibáñez University and I carry out my magister in 2025 in the area of paleontology at the University of Madrid, Spain .

On 2027 and 2030 she teaches as Assistant Professor in the Department of Art History and Archeology of the University of Maryland, College Park, United States in a total of 7 subjects. I was in charge of the subjects Art of Asia (1 semester), Art and archeology of Africa (2 Semesters) and Art & Archeology of ancient America (4 semesters).

My research, carried out in 2026, called "Making the invisible visible: Saltpeter settlements in the Hinterland of the central canton, Antofagasta Region (1880-1938)", "Capitalist expansion and identity in the oases of San Pedro de Atacama, 1880- 1980: An interdisciplinary approach ", all these investigations carried out with the help of the regular Fondecyt service.

My publications exhibited in Condecyt in the year 2028 called "Welcome to the Desert of the Real: Industry and capital in Atacama, 1880-1890, Alondra, Oyarzun CHAPTER OF THE BOOK. In archeology and neoliberalism, P.Aparicio (ed.), JAS. In press.

My last publication launched in the year 2033 called "Sobre pircas y otros piedras: material topography for a (neo) colonial context in Rapa Nui", Vilches, Flora BOOK CHAPTER in Rapa Nui and the Exploitation Company, Miguel Fuentes (ed), Rapa Nui Press   

me falta el titulo 

Blackground:

Anthropology is the science that study human group, societies and cultures and their development. In Chile only in 6 universities the career is imparted. Even though they are very few, but the mention archeology is it still less. Only 6 universities and that it is very happy for all the people to want to study that career.

In Chile, anthropology is divided in 3 mentions: these are social anthropology, archeology and physical anthropology. Principally, archeology is Train student from a critical approach to the cultural diversity of the prehistoric past both nationally and continentally; and Provide a theoretical and methodological platform updated in archeology that allows student to establish interdisciplinary links with other fields of knowledge.

In addition, people do not know some topics of archeology that are relatively important for society or what is hidden in this as the subactuatic archeology

For example, to study archeology, use historical materials, and have knowledge to help in ancient cities, archaeological objects, and study of past and present cultures, among others. An example of this is, Colin Renfrew and Paul Bahn (1993) with the book “Archeology” That book is basic for all archeology.

Problem:

The problem of all this is the little information taken from the subactuatic archeology and the little methodology with which is investigated or for some time the underwater archaeological heritage suffers a serious problem of pillage and destruction.

Nervertheless, it is a multidisciplinary work in which, in addition to archaeologists, document lists, geologists, restorers, chemists, anthropologists and other professionals participate in order to discover the history that encloses the underwater archaeological heritage. A story that speaks of ancient cities and ports submerged, of war episodes, of exchanges between cultures, of sunken ships that teach us life on board their occupants, etc. and that it can be rebuilt thanks to a meticulous research work. But this work is often due to the fact that the main archaeologists currently hide many ancient cultures, for example, a special case is the history of

Proposed solution:

Free Time

Hello everyone, I hope you are well, today I will speak of the things I like to do in my free time. Between all that I have, I can highlight the music and dancing, which I do every  day, I love different types of dance, but the type of dance I like most is "La Cueca" , the typical dance of Chile, which I learned it from very small. Normally I danced in my house, but every once in a while I go to a study of danced with my best friend, in that place we practice particularly dances of street, such as hip hop, shuffle, c-walk among other. To make this hobby involves an expenditure of time, because in these dance classes, in the mobilization and the hours of classes, time passes very quickly and it arrived very late at night to my house, because of that, sometimes only practical in my home. I like to practice this hobby, because I feel the music flow and helps me to relax from the stress that is lived daily. I have always liked this hobby, every time I see a movie on tv, I was stuck on the screen, thanks to this hobby I also have my favorite movie which is STEP UP. Thank you for listening to me and I hope that this blog has been to your liking, I wish you a very good day, see you later, bye

App

Hi guys, today I write on my blog as every Tuesday a different theme, this time it is my favorite application, the truth is that I spend all my time on my cellphone and everything because of Instagram haha although sometimes they are same stories or photos I repeat again how boring I am, from the moment I was about 16 years old I stuck in this application and the truth is that I only like it because one can know the life of the other and how well or badly is happening when uploading photo.

Usually this application I see it every 5 minutes to see if something new or interesting came up, but it's really serious when I sometimes get stuck like 3 hours in just instagram, it's terrible because I feel like I'm wasting my time, but I love it, it's a love and I hate that I have, I also like it since many practical knowledge things like photos of: you know what? Or something related to the sciences, they also upload video of very cool dances which sometimes practical or give sales data of clothes or useful things to buy online on that same page and to see “memes”. I consider it a good page, but unfortunately some of the photos that it contains are not appropriate or lend themselves to damaging a person or a group in general.

I suffer with English

                                                                                                        

Hi everyone I want to tell you that some things of the English exam practice were facile or I could capture it carefully, but if I want to confess that I am a disaster listening to English, I really feel that I do not understand anything or I am very slow or I need more practice, I will try to make an effort as much as I can even though it costs me a lot to learn English. 💔

        

Ambition

Hello everyone, I hope you are well, well the truth is that I do not have a great ambition in my life, but if I just want to be good with my life, my family and friends.

But if we consider as ambition to have a long-term purpose or dream, it would be to be able to travel with a boyfriend to parts of Europe such as London, France, Italy or mainly places where I can carry out an archaeological investigation deeply, I love everything that is to investigate new things especially something that is not common or is not very informative.

The decision because I want to do this in a few years, it is more because in Chile we do not have so many research processes so extensive, there is no material or laboratories so advanced to make more concise hypotheses, however in Europe it is possible to obtain a better technology in which the methods of some research that you want to perform are faster, I have the faith that it will be like that, since I have sought contact and it is 100% sure that they are much more advanced in archaeological matters. So far I have not thought about how to go there haha first I want to finish my career, learn to speak English better, study French even though it is the basic and in the meantime put a lot of money or what I can achieve when I am finally a professional.

My favorite animal

Hello, good afternoon everyone, I hope you do well in your studies, today I will write about the free topic that I like the most, and one of them is about my favorite animal which is the wolf. I love this type of animals because they resemble me, because they have a great sense of what the family is, how to take care of each other, they are also loyal, very faithful to their partner and mysterious, but still have a very individual, which is what I like most about them.

The origin of the wolf dates from 800,000 years ago and were distributed throughout North America, Eurasia and the Middle East, belong to the family Canidae and the genus Canis. Such family includes fox, coyote, domestic dog, among others.

In addition, some of the most curious data is:

-they have a sense of smell 100 times better than that of a human.

- They run at a maximum speed of 75 km / h.

- In each pack there are social hierarchies. The alpha couple is the leader.

- The howls reinforce their group bonds and inform other enemy herds that maintain their distance.

- At birth they are blind and deaf.

-Your life expectancy is very short, with a maximum of 15 years.

I started to like it since I saw the twilight saga, I was so obsessed that I read books that only had some thematic of wolves, because even though they are fighters and sometimes aggressors are always tender and protective, I really feel that I can have a wolf in my interior in every moment of my life and you, what is the animal that identifies you as a person?

a job

Hi guys, I hope you have a good day and finally, we return to classes, whether it's time, haha, today, that you write me about a job that I would like to do, well the truth is I always like it and I want to have a work that is related to helping people in the street situation, who has a low socio-economic level or for people affected, who is a volunteer in organizations and collection centers of places in Santiago or region that is a son: cruz roja, hogar de cristo, parishes, in short, all the institution that there is of me helps. The reason for that work is because I love it and I have the need to help someone for all the people who have a problem or who are affected by a tragedy, which all that is difficult to do is have a home or at least a person who is a companion at least one night so you can vent or cheer up a little the day after all the bad things that have happened to him.

 I do not need many skills for work, all I need is to get to work, help me to achieve the best possible sectors of shelters. When doing this work is the only thing you can do, the tranquility and happiness of people with that is more what is happening, which is the only thing that matters badly ... I hope you can also fill a granite of happiness for them.

music, my lifestyle.

Hello everyone! I hope you continue very well and that this is a difficult time, today is the time to write one of my great passions like what is dance and food, now it's music ...

The music for me is my life, literally, the music and many times it has saved me, I have relieved myself of moments that were critical in my childhood and in my adolescence, it has taken me the personality I needed in days of going, grief, joy , shyness, humor, love, frustration, so good moments that throughout life you do not realize that we carry millions of feelings in our backpack and on our way to the future.

Since I was a little girl I love music, every day in the morning, my grandmother used to put on her 50 'records, 60' classical music, the new wave, Sandro, etcetera, many songs that she recorded for my life, she sang, so many lyrics that did not resemble what they said, total it did not matter I just danced and sang non-stop because I was happy to hear those rhythms and melodies so moved that they were and from there I was opening to a world of several styles of music that I could not stop listen all day regardless of the things that make my music and my headphones forever to devote myself to each day to explore more of that beautiful and wonderful world that is "music", since I am traveling, reading, doing the toilet , sleeping, really at all times I listen to many songs.

My styles of music are very diverse and I like from classical music to the soundtrack of dance, romantic, action movies, among others; Some styles like: Blues, Country, Cumbia, Contemporary, Electronic, Hip Hop, Rap, Jazz, Pop, Chilean Rock, Rock and Roll, Romantic, Salsa, ohh I think they are millions haha ​​good, but what I do not like much is Heavy Metal, Punk or sounds that are too heavy for the ear. And what is your favorite music style or do you just like everything?

my favorite food in general

Hello guys and girls I hope you are excellent, well today I will write about my favorite subject bone "food", why? Because it's delicious and I love it haha

 Well writing this topic is very difficult, because I like to eat everything, I am not so happy for homemade meals and everything is sweet as happy and proud, although I know I will fatten like a pig 🐷.

What I like the most is to eat chocolate, it fascinates me I am very strange because if I do not eat chocolate, I'm full of grains. Besides, when I get well informed, chocolate makes calm anxiety, nervousness, a pleasant sensation in your mind and also It helps to lose fat, that is, it is perfect 🍫.

Some things that I like is the yougurt with quaker and striped apple or the rice cooked with a lot of sugar (I know it at any time will give me diabetes 😥) I consider that they are very rich flavors since they are very sweet. I think my favorite homemade dish is the juice chicken with puree or any type of beans, and a favorite dish of junk food is the fried chicken with French fries, I know that my meals do not contain any diet, but I still put the double effort in terms of doing a lot of physical exercise to maintain a balanced body shape. Finally I will finish writing more sweet things as my favorite store is the "bravisimo" which is a store where they prepare the best ice cream and ice cream that has existed in my life and the best thing is that you can pay with the juaneb card 👀.

As a conclusion I consider that everything we eat identifies us, as when you have frozen sorrow or chocolate, when you are happy you sometimes eat junk food, every situation

you have every day is a time to experience wonders in your taste and taste at every meal, which can produce many memories of different feelings or identify smells of food at a distance.

My life interesting?

Hi guys I hope you are very well, today is another day of blog, you will know more about you and more want to know more about me.

Well today's topic that is about me, and I laugh a lot because I usually do many things but never finish them haha ​​to start when I was between 14 and 15 years old I joined a cheerleading team that lasted 2 years and I did not continue because the team was quite lazy and lately it did not work in the always lost competitions, also we did not have a good tool for the best performance in the techniques as I go out or acrobatics, after that I was 2 years in a music workshop in my high school , which taught me to play the cello, I loved it because it sounded very beautiful melodies, but after that I left because I was bored just playing classical music, I wanted something different like pop, blues, jazz, something more urban and current; In that same last year I played volleyball a full year, but it also did not last long because it only competed with the men in my team. But despite everything I like is my passion for the game and basketball, I dance from the age of 5 and for the songs I never like to participate in a folk dance group, for a while I got in but that group was closed because We were only 2 girls who were there and it was not enough to give a dance dance presentation, that's why every time I have time, I dance, types of music styles and perform, some mini-choreography, and with respect to a basketball , I continue in my struggle to learn every time, to have the technique and improve each game. Currently I would like to learn to dance perfectly the technique of the juvenile cueca, to dance cueca since I was 8 years old, but I want to be more professional to be able to go to the regional competitions with my best friend. Thank you very much for reading and I'm sorry for this blog to praise, but I like to talk about the passions that I have, and I love letting them out.

Marvel Universe

 Hi guys! I write a new blog for you, I hope you are interested because I do it with a lot of love.

Today my main theme is the Marvel cinematographic universe and how much I love that haha. First of all the Marvel universe is from a series of films in which the stories of the best-known heroes of the Marvel Comics universe are developed: Iron Man, Spiderman, Thor, Captain America, Doctor Strange, among others; to end up in a film co-starred by all of them and also, they are reunited to form a group that defends the world against a threat from outer space. The universe consists of 19 films so far, although the directors confirmed that this universe would be followed until 2023.

My fanaticism began one day I was sick and I was 16 years old, and I said I'll see how good this is, since some Facebook pages recommended it, well that same day and the other I saw the complete chronology of the films starting from Iron Man (2008) until Ant-Man at that time, and from there every year I fell more in love with the movies, it's amazing the union that each one of the films, the science fiction that they develop, the soundtrack and the thousands of feelings that produces the film and that plays this with us, between crying, rancor, amazement and, above all, joy and laughter of how funny and sarcastic it can sometimes be.

groot: dad..

Anyway, you really have to see all your movies because they are fantastic, they enchant the majority of the audience for the humorous character that is its main essence, you can see almost all but those who are from "DC comics" haha 😂 ​​I do not understand why they have to be rivals, if you already know that they lost hahah. PS: some of your movies are Netflix if you did not know 😍goodbye I hope you liked it, a lot of love for you. ✌💗

my first day of university

Good afternoon to all again, in this new blog I will write about my first day of university, which was horrible, really I have to be honest. The big day, an unforgettable moment and that unforgettable was, first of all I was nerviosisima because I didn't know what to expect of the University and of teachers, then comes the moment of the trip to the university, in which I was delayed 2 hours and a half to arrive, and to have more bad luck I spent in the metro station that was but everything happens for something,  then I arrived and already earlier in summer workshop I met many of my classmates and future friends that I would be doing in the future, 5 amazing people and of course crazy that I found in my small group, my friends are called: Antonia, Camila, Valentina, Guillermo and Bernardo.

After that started the “good” the blessed classes, which in reality was not as well as the first day because we had to make a tab and a trial of a text anyone who had something anthropological, for me it was a horror, because I didn’t know compose, because he was always more fences of mathematics haha, ¡since at that time I said wow i must be a humanist completely! That bad…  And hence we only ate and ate with my group, we spoke of the life and the things they like to do to each one, and the Alleluia we depart early from our difficult or for other incredible moments of laughter, nervousness, happiness, discomfort, among other feelings.

Ps: I am still looking for the person who hit me head lice on the first day of classes at the university, I hate it with my heart.

My favorite friend

Hello people! 

Today is a great day to write good things, like today I wrote my best friend, is a name Mathias Vergara and is a people and one of the great friends that I've had in all my life, we met the 2014 in November in a tour of study tour, he was in 3rd grade and I in 2nd grade, that ride lasted almost 7 days and we just met the last day before we left was quite entertaining and we had many things in common, as for example that we had in common our favorite movie called step up 3D, we love it because it is street dance or different dances that are mixed, as we love to dance is the perfect combination, we also like the same style of music and sports and besides that we have our favorite book that is twilight, we really have everything in common hahaha 

I usually see him almost every Saturday and Sunday, but we get together to talk if not to train basketball or to go and watch him and my boyfriend play in the basketball competition they have every weekend. Great to entertain me watching them play what we are passionate about. Is an excellent friend and for which I know I can trust!! 

Today I will write about what makes me feel good and that is ... dancing all kinds of styles such as street dance, contemporary music, salsa, bachata, among others. I usually used to practice every day, but now I do not have time for studies, sometimes I dance twice a week.

Besides this I like to do sports like going to the gym, but I mainly like to play basketball, I love this game <3 I think it is very exciting and it is very fast, I practice 2 times a week and soon I will play in a basketball championship in the commune La Cisterna. I only hope to stay alive after the game, since it is very dangerous as well, but if I like to continue happy doing it.

Also what makes me happy or to be good with myself is to listen to music, I always say that it is something that makes life happy even though it also saddens you, but mostly it makes you feel good especially the romantic, moved or pop songs. Listening to music I do it frequently, since many times you feel stressed by the university and you need more encouragement to survive this.

I hope you can feel the same ... thank you very much for reading.

 

 

My experience in the English language

Hello again to everyone! I hope you are well, first of all I want to thank everyone who read my posts and commented throughout this second half of the year.

Today I will start talking about my experience in the English language, well i have to say that I like very much the English, since sometimes I have a hard time. Thanks to the courses of English at the University i was able to improve various aspects that failed constantly on all the wording, which I was able to achieve a good development through creation of blogs that taught us correctly. In addition, these blogs seemed to me to be innovative, fun and friendly.

But in spite of everything, I still have to improve many aspects, mainly speak better English and fail to recognize the phrases or conversations that are heard in the listening, so i'm going to plan in the summer to watch movies in English to be able to identify each word, in order to speak with more fluency this language.

Another key point is how long it took or study in English outside of class, which is generally when i see movies or series between 30 - 180 minutes, many times occupied all day, because every time I hear songs in english or sometimes 1 hour when should I translate my texts of other classes in Spanish.

                  Greetings to all, I wish all of you a very weekend!

My favorite archeology website

Hello again, this is already becoming a habit for us haha xD I hope you are well, today I will talk about my favorite website for my career in archeology, I really don't have a favorite site, but the more I see and that represents my career as an archaeologist, is a youtube channel which is in English and can be closed captioning, also called "thebrainscoop", is based on topics such as evolution, archeology, dinosaurs, mummies, culture, paleontology, among others.

In addition, these investigations or videos are done by a young girl called Emily Graslie with the help of historians, archaeologists and other scientists in accordance with the theme that is developed each week and also that all of this is done within the museum called "the field museum". In general, I see it 2 times a week, since it is quite educational and entertaining at the time that you need to know more about archeology, biology and history.

I highly recommend it, are also very short videos in which you learn many things quickly. Then share the link of the videos on youtube called "thebrainscoop”: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCkyfHZ6bY2TjqbJhiH8Y2QQ

My favorite subject of the semester

Hellooooo! How are you?

 Again I am with you in a new blog that we must carry out, the blog of today is based on mention what is my favorite subject during this semester.  Which is based in the field of archeology II, mainly i love as the first thing that makes the teacher is to make a discussion on one of the 6 units that we have seen, then there is a small talk between the students and the professor, and finally a small opinion whatsoever on the part of it, if the are several authors who argue for or against the issue,for example the ideology that some traits in northern Chile.

Some of the contents that we have passed in archeology, which are divided into 6 units: ideology, Archeology and Heritage Society, social change and explanation, socio-political organization, economy, among others.

Essentially i love the unit 6, called archeology and heritage society, because it covers a lot of care of the material or archaeological object of each city or country and value that we can do to keep it in care.💕😻

Byeeee! 

My favorite photo

Hello to all over the world! 

 Today I will talk about one of my favorite photos, saying before that every picture you took or take me is special and always come to have a nice memory in the future and in my life.

My favorite picture is this -------->

 Was taken in one of the places that I love and always will, which is mainly in the Valparaiso Cerro Alegre, where this is full of color and drawings in all houses and walls of the sector, in truth I feel really happy and calm there, also was taken by one of the best people who are in my life as is my cousin called Ayline, which lives there.

 It was taken in the week of 20 September 2016, just that day was very sunny haha since the other day had been overcast :( i always love to see these photos, because they demonstrate the hidden place that has Valparaiso and its surroundings such as elevators, the beach, some very fine, Laguna Verde, among others. These beautiful drawings depict the vivid color that has this cheerful and amusing region.